Archaeobotanical overview of rye (Secale cereale L.) in the carpathian-basin II. From the migration periode until the late medieval age

It seems that rye is a twice domesticated cereal. Then, in the course of the Early Iron Age in Central or Eastern Europe, it is again transformed from weed to crop plant. We summarized the development of rye and his spread in the Carpathian Basin based on archaeobotanical data. The grains of the rye were found always in charcoal form. The rye appeared in Carpathian Basin during the Neolithic Age. Sporadic occurrences of rye were also found in Early Bronze Age Bell Beaker-Csepel Group and Early Iron age Scythian cultures. The prehistoric grains were small and longshaped. In the Prehistoric Ages rye should be exist as weed of hulled wheats. His cultivation started in the Roman Age. The grains found in roman sites are always big and reel shaped like recently. Only a few grains were found in the Migration Period. Among cereals of the conquering Hungarians rye is present. Rye became common product in the Late Medieval Ages. It was grown in a big quantity everywhere, but not independently, but mixed with the wheat

Archaeobotanical overview of rye (Secale cereale L.) In the carpathian-basin I. From the beginning until the roman age

It seems that rye is a twice domesticated cereal. Then, in the course of the Early Iron Age in Central or Eastern Europe, it is again transformed from weed to crop plant. We summarized the development of rye and his spread in the Carpathian Basin based on archaeobotanical data. The grains of the rye were found always in charcoal form. The rye appeared in Carpathian Basin during the Neolithic Age. Sporadic occurrences of rye were also found in Early Bronze Age Bell Beaker-Csepel Group and Early Iron age Scythian cultures. The prehistoric grains were small and longshaped. In the Prehistoric Ages rye should be exist as weed of hulled wheats. His cultivation started in the Roman Age. The grains found in roman sites are always big and reel shaped like recently. Only a few grains were found in the Migration Period. Among cereals of the conquering Hungarians rye is present. Rye became common product in the Late Medieval Ages. It was grown in a big quantity everywhere, but not independently, but mixed with the wheat

A Budapest-tabáni késő kelta lelőhely archaeobotanikai vizsgálata

A hazai kelta kor archaeobotanikai maradványairól meglehetősen gyér információval rendelkezünk, pedig segítségükkel fontos következtetéseket vonhatnánk le a növénytermesztésre és földművelésre, növényismeretre, eszközhasználatra vonatkozóan. Összehasonlíthatóvá válnának a régóta és alaposan kutatott nyugat-európai kelta települési hálózat gazdálkodása és növényhasználata a hazánk területén élt kelta törzsekével. Ezért is jelentős a Maráz Borbála által 2005-2006-ban feltárt Budapest 1. kerület, Hadnagy utca 8-10. (Rácfürdő) késő kelta lelőhely alább bemutatásra kerülő archaeobotanikai leletanyaga

The history of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in the Carpathian-Basin in the mirror of archaeobotanical remains I. From the beginning until the Roman Age

The domestication of broomcorn millet based on latest archaeobotanical investigations occurred in the arid areas of North China and in same time in Central Asia. The knowledge of cultivation of broomcorn millet the Carpathian Basin before the 6th thousand BC. Since this time in all archaeological ages are available but in different frequency. Broomcorn millet was a widespread and favoured cereal. Knowing the eating habits of nomadic and semi-nomadic people, this find is expected, as broomcorn millet is a favoured cereal with a short growing season and rapid development requiring relatively little tending. This is expected as broomcorn millet was a key crop for Hungarians in the Middle Ages. A significant amount was grown traditionally by Hungarians through time until the appearance of maize, the new gruel plant. In the first part will be present the history of broomcorn millet in the Carpathian Basin from the beginning until the Roman Age

The history of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in the Carpathian-Basin in the mirror of archaeobotanical remains II. From the Roman Age until the Late Medieval Age

The domestication of broomcorn millet based on latest archaeobotanical investigations occurred in the arid areas of North China and in same time in Central Asia. The knowledge of cultivation of broomcorn millet the Carpathian Basin before the 6th thousand BC. Since this time in all archaeological ages are available but in different frequency. Broomcorn millet was a widespread and favoured cereal. Knowing the eating habits of nomadic and semi-nomadic people, this find is expected, as broomcorn millet is a favoured cereal with a short growing season and rapid development requiring relatively little tending. This is expected as broomcorn millet was a key crop for Hungarians in the Middle Ages. A significant amount was grown traditionally by Hungarians through time until the appearance of maize, the new gruel plant. In the second part will be present the history of broomcorn millet in the Carpathian Basin from the Roman Age until the Late Medieval Age

Újabb eredmények a honfoglaló magyarság étkezési kultúrájának feltárásában : Edelény-Borsodi földvár ételmaradványainak vizsgálata

The archaeological heritage of eastern steppe cultures has always been the closest to Hungarians from among all the peoples living in the Carpathian Basin. Their costumes, lifestyle, warfare and even their cooking culture show similar features and it is not difficult to recognise in them the traditions of the Eastern European steppe. The heritage of steppe people can be clearly seen in the eating habits of the conquering Hungarians. Carbonised food remains preserved a message from the distant past. More than one book was written on the imaginary cuisine of the conquering Hungarians, based on ethnographical and archaeological analogies. However, it was not very long ago that the first food remains associated with the conquering Hungarians were found at the 10,h century site of Lébény-Billedomb (excavation led by Miklós Takács). These were carbonised fragments of mush/bread. Similar remains were found from the Early Árpádian Period site of Gyomaendrőd (excavation by Dénes B. Jankovich 1987-90) and from the Árpádian Period site found at the exploration of the MO motorway in Rákospalota-Újmajor (excavation by Zoltán Bencze 1995-96). These gruel-like foods prepared from common millet imply the survival of nomadic eating habits. When exploring Edelény-Földvár in 1998, Mária Wolf found clay pots placed on their sides near the oven of a burnt house from the 10th century. On the side of one of the pots burnt food remains were discovered. The three samples received for analysis came from different parts of the pot. Analytical chemical examinations were made by János Csapó, the microscopical and macroscopical analysis were conducted by the author. Investigations led to the conclusion that a one-course dish found in a pot was made of cereal groats of common bread wheat and rye, which was first roasted in fat (most probably in mutton tallow) (see the flour particles from the cereal aleuron layer). Onions and/or garlic (based on epidermal sections of onion leaf) and roots (parsnip or carrot vascular bundle fragments) were added. The mixture was then thinned, apparently with water. Microelement ratios and the amino acid composition suggest that the one-course dish had meat in it as well. In 2001 three more carbonised food remnants were examined, all coming from the excavation carried out in the area of the Edelény-Borsod motte. All three specimens were taken from an in situ exposed pot. Two of them came from 1992 excavations and one from 1998. The two remains from the 1992 exploration were obviously similar. Though the two 1992 samples contain two different foods, they are remains of the same onecourse dish. A common feature is that fine cereal flour/ grist was mixed with millet (in the second case, setaria). Findings of sample 1 proved that the gruel was enriched with meat. Based on the fatty acid composition, this must have been mutton. They consisted of seeds stuck together as in a gruel and embedded in fine groats. The burnt fragments had a characteristic surface created during cooking. They contained evenly mixed grains embedded in some fine kind of grist. One of them contained exclusively chaffed grains of common millet (Panicum miliaceum), while the other had more foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (also husked), and less common millet. The latter also contained a few field pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense) seeds. The third remain from the year 1998 was different from the rest at the first sight. Seeds and carbonised forest fruits fell out at the slightest mechanical impact from the smaller and larger incremented pieces, which were also mixed with daub. Most of the remains originated from sloe (Prunus spinosa). Beside the stones, mummified sloe, blackthorn fruits were also found in great abundance. We also found wild pear (Pyrus spec.) seeds, crab apple (Malus silvestris) fruit mummy, rose (Rosa spec.) mummified hips, cornelian cherry or dogwood (Cornus mas) and carbonised shells as well. The fragments also contained a stone of danewort (Sambucus ebulus). However, its reddish colour indicated it did not come from the food but rather from the daub. This remnant is different from any other tested so far. It seems that forest fruits (mainly sloe or blackthorn, but also crab apple, wild pear, rose, cornelian cherry as well) were used to make lictarium, a favourite delicacy in the Middle Ages, somewhat thinner than marmalade today; or “peszmeg”, a kind of fruit juice preserved by cooking, sweetened by honey, which required left constant stirring. Cooking was still underway — not all the fruits had flesh and stone had been separated — when the operation had to be abandoned suddenly for some unknown reason. The event must have happened around October as indicated by the assortment of the fruit species present that can be found together only in autumn. Lippay (1664) describes in “Posoni kert” all the fruits found here noting that excellent lictarium can be made of them with the use of honey, spices and wine

Mikroszatellita lokuszok evolúciója a görögdinnyében (Citrullus lanatus) a középkor óta; (CT)3 deléció a (CT)26 nSSR-ban.

Görögdinnye (Citrullus lanatus) magleletekből (13. sz., Debrecen; 15. sz. Buda; 18. sz. Pannonhalma) DNS-izolálást, molekuláris (nSSR – nuclear simple sequence repeat; cpDNS – kloroplasztisz DNS) elemzést és fenotípusos fajtarekonstrukciót végeztünk 44 mai fajtával való összehasonlításban. Az elemzésben 47 primer-párt teszteltünk, ebből 26 primer-pár bizonyult hatékonynak a mai fajtákban, amelyek közül csak 16 volt aktív a középkori mintában. Az aktív primerek alkalmazásával szekvencia elemzést végeztünk a (CT)26-30 nSSR lokuszon, és a clp-12 cpDNS lokuszon. Megállapítottuk, hogy a középkori mintában még megtalálható (CT)3 szakasz a mai fajtában már delécióval kiesett az elmúlt 600 év során. Továbbá a cpDNS trnV (Jarret et al., 1997) lokuszán (tRNS-Valin; 299 bp) két szubsztitúciót azonosítottunk (102.196 és a 102.201 nt.-ben). A (CT)26-30 nSSR lokusz (196 bp) 122-130 bp szakaszán egy további (CT)4 inverziót is azonosítottunk, amely (CT)26-30 egyszerű mikroszatellita lokuszból kialakuló (CT)17-C-(TC)3-T-(CT)5 összetett mikroszatellita születését igazolja. Vizsgálataink során egy új retrotranszpozont (Cila-1) azonosítottunk. A középkori minta fajtarekonstrukciójához elkészítettük a 44 mai fajta morfológiai dendrogramját 25 fenotípusos bélyeg alapján. | The evolution of water melon (Citrullus lanatus) microsatellites from the 15th century (Debrecen); 13th (Buda); and 18th century, (Pannonhalma) were analyzed. Microsatellite (nSSR, nuclear simple sequence repeat) and cpDNA profiles of the aDNA (ancient DNA) of seed remains were compared to modern water melon cultivars and landraces. Sixteen primer pairs were applied. Sequence analysis at the (CT)26 and cpDNA trnV loci revealed a (CT)3 and Adenin deletions, respectively, form the current water melon cultivar compared to the medieval sample. Cila-1), a new LTR retrotansposon has been described. For morphological reconstruction, a dendrogram produced by SPSS11 based on the presence versus absence of 24 phenotypic characters were also analyzed